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| 585 BC |
| | | The Babylonian king Nebuchadrezzar II begins a siege of Tyre which lasts for thirteen years before the city capitulates | |
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| 528 BC |
| | | The Phoenician cities, liberated from Babylonian rule, willingly accept inclusion in the Persian empire | |
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| 332 BC |
| | | Alexander moves south through Syria and Palestine, excluding the Persian fleet from their familiar harbours | |
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| c. 300 BC |
| | | Phoenicia is brought into the new Hellenistic empire, changing hands frequently between contending successors of Alexander | |
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| 299 BC |
| | | Seleucus founds Antioch as a Greek city on the trade route between Mesopotamia and Europe | |
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| c. 200 BC |
| | | The oasis city of Palmyra acquires importance on the caravan route between Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean | |
|  | Palmyra
Fotofile CG
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| c. 120 BC |
| | | Antipater, a Greek author living on the Phoenician coast, lists the seven wonders of the world | |
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| 64 BC |
| | | Pompey takes Antioch and brings Syria under control as a Roman province | |
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| 64 BC |
| | | The Roman annexation of Syria brings the Silk Road all the way to the Mediterranean | |
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| 64 BC |
| | | The Seleucid dynasty ends when Syria, the last remnant ruled by his family, falls to the Romans | |
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